This section will assist in anticipating possible underlying impairments and functional activity limitations that are expected with the diagnosis, therefore focusing the examination and providing guidance for the evaluation. Section II, " Diagnostics" will include a summary of symptoms the patient may report, signs that can be observed or measured during the neurologic examination, and diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm the medical diagnosis. For each diagnosis outline, Section I, " Etiology" will summarize known etiologic factors, risk factors, and pathogenesis of the disorder to understand the basis of each disorder. Vestibular Hypofunction (Unilateral or Bilateral) (A)Įach outline follows a consistent organization to serve as a resource to help you in making decisions about the examination methods you will chose, the expected degree of recovery, and the patient-centered interventions. Traumatic Brain Injury / Diffuse Axonal Injury (A) (P) Poliomyelitis / Post-polio Syndrome (A) (P) Ischemic Encephalopathy (Near Drowning) (A) (P) High Risk Infant / Prematurity (Intraventricular Hemorrhage) (P) However, expenditure estimates vary considerably based on the method used to identify FRIs.Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (A) (P)Īutism Spectrum (Pervasive Developmental Disorder) (P)īenign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) (A)īrachial Plexus Injury (Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy) (P)Ĭerebrovascular Accident (ischemic/hemorrhagic) / Stroke (A) (P)Ĭerebrovascular Accident –Arteriovenous Malformation (A) (P)Ĭomplex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) (A) Conclusions:FRIs are costly, with implications for Medicare and its beneficiaries. Estimated total FRI-related Medicare expenditures were highly variable across methods.
Inpatient-treated index FRIs were more expensive than emergency department and outpatient-treated FRIs across all methods, but were substantially higher when identifying FRI using only e-codes. Patient cost-sharing was estimated at $691–$1900 across the 3 methods. In all models, most spending occurred in hospital, outpatient, and skilled nursing facility (SNF) settings, but greater proportions of SNF and outpatient spending were observed with commonly used FRI identification methods. Results:The 3 FRI identification methods produced differing distributions of index FRI type and varying estimated expenditures: $12,171, $5648 (95% CI, $3819–$7476), and $9388 (95% CI, $5969–$12,808).
Subjects:The analysis included 5497 community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 (228 FRI, 5269 non-FRI individuals) with continuous Medicare coverage and alive during the 24-month study. Linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and geographic characteristics were used to estimate per-FRI, service component, patient cost share, expenditures by type of initial FRI treatment (inpatient, emergency department only, outpatient), and total annual FRI-related Medicare expenditures.
Research Design:Using 2007–2009 Medicare claims and 2008 Health and Retirement Survey data, FRIs were identified using external-cause-of-injury (e-codes 880/881/882/884/885/888) only, e-codes plus a broad set of primary diagnosis codes, and a newer approach using e-codes and diagnostic and procedural codes. Objectives:Compare expenditures of fall-related injuries (FRIs) using several methods to identify FRIs in administrative claims data.